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篇一：
In some ways，the United States has made spectacular progress. Fires no longer destroy 18000 buildings as they did in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871，or kill half a town of 2400 people，as they did the same night in Peshtigo，Wisconsin. Other than the Beverly Hill Supper Club fire in Kentucky，in 1977，it has been four decades since more than 100 Americans died in a fire.
But even with such successes，the United States still has one of the worst fire death rates in the world. Safety experts say the problem is neither money nor technology，but the indifference of a country that just will not take fires seriously enough.
American fire departments are some of the world’s fastest and best equipped. They have to be. The United States has twice Japan’s population，and 40 times as many as fires. It spends far less on preventing fires than on fighting them. And American fire-safety lessons are aimed almost entirely at children，who die in disproportionately large numbers in fires but who，contrary to popular myth，start very few of them.
Experts say the fatal error is an attitude that fires are not really anyone’s fault. That is not so in other countries，where both public education and the law treat fires as either a personal failing or a crime. Japan has many wood houses;of the estimated 48 fires in world history that burned more than 10000 buildings，Japan has had 27. Penalties for by negligence can be as high as life imprisonment.
In the United States，most education dollars are spent in elementary schools. But the lessons are aimed at too limited an audience;just 9 percent of all fire deaths are caused by children playing with matches.
The United States continues to rely more on technology than laws or social pressure. There are smoke detectors in 85 percent of all homes. Some local building codes now require home sprinklers. New heaters and irons shut themselves off if they are tipped.
1.The reason why so many Americans die in fires is that .
A. they took no interest in new technology
B. they did not attach great importance to preventing fires
C. they showed indifference to fighting fires
D. they did not spend enough money on fire facilities
2.Although the fire death rate has declined，the United States .
A. still has the worst fire death rate in the world
B. is still alert to the fire problem
C. is still training a large number of safety experts
D. is still confronted with the serious fire problem
3.It can be inferred from the passage that .
A. fire safety lessons should be aimed at American adults
B. American children have not received enough education of fire safety lesson
C. Japan is better equipped with fire facilities than the Untied States
D. America’s large population accounts for high fire frequency
4.In what aspects should the United States learn from Japan?
A. Architecture and building material.
B. Education and technology.
C. Laws and attitude.
D. All of the above.
5.To narrow the gap between the fire death rate in the United States and that in other countries，the author suggests .
A. developing new technology
B. counting more on laws and social pressure
C. placing a fire extinguisher in every family
D. reinforcing the safeness of household appliances
【答案解析】
在某些方面，美國取得了令人矚目的成就。大火不再像1871年發(fā)生在芝加哥的火災那樣燒毀18000幢房屋，或是像同一個夜晚發(fā)生在威斯康星州帕西蒂戈市的大火那樣，燒死一個城鎮(zhèn)中的1200人。除了1977年肯塔基州貝弗利山晚餐俱樂部的火災外，40年來，100多美國人死于一場火災的事情再也沒有發(fā)生過。
但是，即使取得了如此的成就，美國仍然是世界上火災死亡率最高的國家之一。安全專家說，問題的出現既不是因為資金也不是因為技術，而是因為這個國家的漠不關心，這個國家對火災還沒有足夠的重視。
美國的消防部門是世界上行動最快的、裝備最好的部門。他們不得不這樣。美國的人口是日本人口數量的兩倍，火災的發(fā)生次數卻是日本的40倍。美國用于防火的費用遠遠低于用于滅火的費用。美國的防火安全教育針對的幾乎都是兒童，他們在火災中的死亡人數不成比例地高，但是，與流行的說法相反，很少火災是由于兒童引起的。
專家說，致命的錯誤是認為火災其實不是任何人的錯誤的態(tài)度。在其他國家卻不是這樣，在這些國家，公共教育和法律把火災看成是個人的失誤，或者是犯罪行為。日本有許多木制房屋;在世界歷史上，據估計，燒毀了一萬多所建筑物的48場火災中，發(fā)生在日本的有27場。對因為疏忽引起嚴重火災的人的懲罰最高可達終生監(jiān)禁。
在美國，大部分的教育經費都用在了小學。但是，火災教育課的對象太有限;在所有燒死人的火災中，只有9%是因為小孩玩火柴引起的。
美國還在更多地依賴技術而不是法律或社會壓力。美國有85%的房屋裝有煙霧探測器。一些地方建筑法規(guī)要求房屋必須裝有自動噴水裝置。如果新的取暖器和電熨斗被弄翻了就會自動斷電。
1. 【正確答案】B
【考點類型】細節(jié)判斷
【解析過程】如此多的美國人在大火中喪生的原因是 。
A. 他們對新技術不感興趣
B. 他們對防火不重視
C. 他們對滅火漠不關心
D. 他們對滅火的設施沒有投入足夠的錢
線索：文章的第2段提到“Safety experts say the problem is neither money nor technology，but the indifference of a country that just will not take fires seriously enough.”表明選項B是正確答案。選項A和原文第6段的內容“The United States continues to rely more on technology than laws or social pressure.”相反。選項C原文根本沒有提到。選項D和原文第3段的內容“American fire departments are some of the world’s fastest and best equipped.”相反。
2.【正確答案】A
【考點類型】細節(jié)判斷
【解析過程】盡管火災的死亡率已經下降，美國 。
A. 仍然是世界上火災死亡率最高的國家
B. 仍然對于火災的問題很警覺
C. 仍然在培訓一大批的安全專家
D. 仍然面臨著很嚴重的火災問題
線索：文章的第2段提到“But even with such successes，the United States still has one of the worst fire death rates in the world.”表明A是正確答案。
3.【正確答案】A
【考點類型】細節(jié)推斷
【解析過程】從本文可以推論出 。
A. 防火安全措施應該針對美國成年人
B. 美國孩子并沒有獲得足夠的防火安全課程教育
C. 和美國相比，日本配備了更好的防火設施
D. 美國巨大的人口數量導致了火災的發(fā)生率高
線索：文章的第5段提到“most education dollars are spent in elementary schools. But the lessons are aimed at too limited an audience;just 9 percent of all fire deaths are caused by children playing with matches.”表明選項A是正確答案。選項B和原文第5段“most education dollars are spent in elementary schools”不符合。選項C和原文第3段“American fire departments are some of the world’s fastest and best equipped”不符合。選項D和原文第3段“The United States has twice Japan’s population，and 40 times as man fires.”不符合。
4.【正確答案】C
【考點類型】細節(jié)判斷
【解析過程】美國應該從日本那里學習什么?
A. 建筑業(yè)和建筑材料B. 教育和技術
C. 法律和態(tài)度D. 以上所有選項
線索1：文章的第6段提到“The United States continues to rely more on technology than laws or social pressure.”
線索2：文章的第4段提到“Experts say the fatal error is an attitude that fires are not really anyone’s fault.”
結合線索1和線索2，我們可以知道是美國人對火災的態(tài)度出了問題。所以選項C是正確答案。
5.【正確答案】B
【考點類型】細節(jié)推斷
【解析過程】為了縮短美國火災死亡率和其他國家之間的差距，作者建議 。
A. 發(fā)展新的技術
B. 更多地依靠法律和社會壓力
C. 在每一個家庭放置一個滅火器
D. 重新加強家庭設備的安全
線索：文章的第6段提到“The United States continues to rely more on technology than laws or social pressure.”表達了作者對于美國依靠消防技術降低火災的死亡率的不滿。暗示了要依靠法律和社會輿論的壓力來降低火災的死亡率。
【考點提示】選項C和選項D一般不太可能是正確答案。原因：①該選項都太具體了;②和文章的主題沒有直接的關聯。考研的文章一般是比較有深度的文章，所以選項的設計也就要求一定要有深刻的意義。這樣判斷B的正確幾率就很大。
篇二：
There are hidden factors which scientists call“feedback mechanisms”. No one knows quite how they will interact with the changing climate. Here’s one example：plants and animals adapt to climate change over centuries. At the current estimate of half a degree centigrade of warming per decade，vegetation(植物)may not keep up. Climatologist James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometres a year-faster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die. The 1000 kilometre-wide strip of forest running through Canada，the USSR and Scandinavia could be cut by half. Millions of dying trees would soon lead to massive forest fires，releasing tons of CO2 and further boosting global warming.
There are dozens of other possible“feedback mechanisms”. Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness，which may actually damp down global warming. Others，like the“albedo”effect，will do the opposite. The“albedo”effect is the amount of solar energy reflected by the earth’s surface. As northern ice and snow melts and the darker sea and land pokes(戳)through，more heat will be absorbed，adding to the global temperature increase.
Even if we were to magically stop all greenhouse-gas emissions tomorrow the impact on global climate would continue for decades. Delay will simply make the problem worse. The fact is that some of us are doing quite well the way things are. In the developed world prosperity has been built on 150 years of cheap fossil fuels.
Material progress has been linked to energy consumption. Today 75 percent of all the world’s energy is consumed by a quarter of the world’s population. The average rich world resident adds about 3.2 tons of CO2 yearly to the atmosphere，more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen. The US，with just 7 percent of the global population，is responsible for 22 percent of global warming.
1.“Feedback mechanisms”in paragraph 1 most probably refer to .
A. how plants and animals adapt to hidden factors
B. how plants and animals interact with the changing climate
C. how climate changes
D. how climate zones shift
2.James Hansen predicts that the shift of climate zones will be accompanied by .
A. the cutting of many treesB. desirable environmental changes
C. successful migration of speciesD. unsuccessful migration of trees
3.We can learn from the passage that .
A. some feedback mechanisms may slow down global warming
B. the basic facts of global warming are unknown
C. developing countries benefit from cheap fossil fuels
D. developed countries have decided to reduce their energy consumption
4.It can be inferred from the passage that .
A. the developing world has decided to increase its energy consumption
B. a third-world citizen adds less than a ton of CO2 yearly to the atmosphere
C. the world climate would soon gain its balance if we stopped greenhouse-gas emissions
D. future prosperity of the world is dependent on cheap fossil fuels
5.Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?
A. Material Progress and Energy Consumption.
B. Prosperity and Cheap Fossil Fuels.
C. Impact of Global Warming on Climate.
D. Plants and Animals in the Changing Climate.
【答案解析】：
有一些隱性因素科學家稱之為“反饋機制”。沒有人確切地知道它們是怎樣與變化的氣候相互作用。舉一個例子：許多世紀以來，植物和動物適應氣候的變化。根據目前的估計，溫度每十年上升0.5攝氏度，植物可能趕不上這一速度。氣候學家詹姆斯·漢森預計，氣候帶每年將向極地轉移50～75公里，比樹木自然遷移的速度快。那些發(fā)覺自己生活于一個不熟悉環(huán)境的物種將會滅絕。橫跨加拿大、蘇聯和斯堪的納維亞1000公里寬的森林帶將會減少一半。不久，數百萬瀕臨死亡的樹木會導致大規(guī)模森林火災，并釋放出成噸的二氧化碳，加速全球變暖。
可能還有一些其他的“反饋機制”。更高的溫度將加速濃縮，增加陰暗度。這實際上可能抑制全球變暖。其他的“反饋機制”，像“反射”效應，將會起到相反的作用。“反射”效應指的是地球表面反射的太陽能量。隨著北極冰雪的融化，更深的海洋和陸地顯現出來，吸收更多的熱量，導致全球溫度上升。
即使我們明天就可以神奇地停止排放所有溫室氣體，溫室氣體對全球氣候的影響仍然會持續(xù)幾十年。延誤只會使問題變得更糟。事實上，我們中的一些人按事情固有的方式做得非常好。在一些發(fā)達國家，繁榮建立在150年來使用廉價礦物燃料之上。
物質的進步與能源的消耗聯系在一起了。如今25%的人消耗了世界上75%的能源。在富裕國家，平均每人每年向大氣釋放約3.2噸二氧化碳，是第三世界國家每個公民的4倍多。美國只有全球7%的人口，但是它應該為全球變暖承擔22%的責任。
1.【正確答案】B
【考點類型】細節(jié)推斷
【解析過程】“反饋機制”在第1段最有可能指的是 。
A. 植物和動物是如何適應隱性因素的
B. 植物和動物如何適應不斷改變的氣候的
C. 氣候如何變化
D. 氣候地帶是如何變化的
線索：文章的第1段提到“plants and animals adapt to climate change over centuries.”表明正確答案為B。選項C和選項D在文章的第1段提到了，但和反饋機制無任何關系。只是說明植物和動物適應氣候的一個因素。
2.【正確答案】D
【考點類型】細節(jié)判斷
【解析過程】James Hansen 預測氣溫帶的改變將會伴隨 。
A. 許多樹木的減少B. 令人渴望的環(huán)境變化
C. 物種的成功移動D. 不成功的樹木遷移
線索：文章的第1段提到“Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die.”表明選項D是正確答案。選項A和本題干沒有直接的關聯。
3.【正確答案】A
【考點類型】細節(jié)推斷
【解析過程】根據本文章，我們可知 。
A. 一些反饋機制也許會減緩全球變暖
B. 全球變暖的基本事實仍然不為人所知
C. 發(fā)展中國家可以從便宜的化石燃料獲得利益
D. 發(fā)達國家已經決定減少他們的能源消耗
線索：文章的第2段提到“There are dozens of other possible.”“feedback mechanisms.” “Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness，which may actually damp down global warming.”表明選項A是正確答案。選項B在原文中沒有提到。選項C的內容和原文的內容不符合：“In the developed world prosperity has been built on 150 years of cheap fossil fuels.”原文是發(fā)達國家。選項D在文章中沒有提到。
4.【正確答案】B
【考點類型】細節(jié)推斷
【解析過程】從文中我們可以推知： 。
A. 發(fā)展中國家已經決定增加它的能源消耗
B. 一個第三世界的居民每年向大氣層增加的二氧化碳少于一噸
C. 如果我們停止溫室氣體的排放，世界氣候很快就會獲得它的平衡
D. 全世界將來的繁榮依靠便宜的礦物燃料
線索：文章的第4段提到“The average rich world resident adds about 3.2 tons of CO2 yearly to the atmosphere，more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen.”表明選項B是正確答案。選項C和原文的內容第3段“Even if we were to magically stop all greenhouse-gas emissions tomorrow the impact on global climate would continue for decades. Delay will simply make the problem worse.”不符合。選項D在文章中沒有提到。
5.【正確答案】C
【考點類型】主旨判斷
【解析過程】下面哪句是文章的主題?
A. 物質發(fā)展和能源消耗B. 繁榮和廉價礦物燃料
C. 全球變暖對氣候的影響D. 氣候不斷改變下的植物和動物
綜觀整篇文章，選項B肯定不會是正確答案。選項A和文章的主題“反饋機制”也根本不符合。選項D只是在文章的第1段提到了，它也只是一個事例。所以選項C是正確答案。
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