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英語辯論演講技巧
辯論賽和辯論兩者的參評標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是不一樣的，辯論賽作為辯手的希望對方能夠接受我們的觀點，而是期盼能打動裁判。為了獲取最終的勝利，我們可以使用語言當(dāng)中的各種技巧，心理學(xué)中的技巧等等。下面是具體方法和技巧，1供有需要的朋友們參考!
l.辯論賽和辯論所給予參與者的機會和時間不同
比賽要具有可觀賞性，這就要有時間控制;辯論則相對來說沒有時間限制，你可以隨著研究的深入不斷提出新的證據(jù)來支持自己的觀點，可以四處請教高人來為自己出謀劃策，你可以修改自己口誤說錯的話等等。
2.辯論賽和辯論參與者的策略方法不同
在 真正的辯論比賽當(dāng)中，無論對方說的多么有道理，即便連自己聽得都有道理，我們都不能承認(rèn)其論點，具體的做法無非是：1)視而不見(下策)2)避重就輕 (上策，一般來說，辯手會故意夸大自己提出的本來不那么重要理由，而使裁判輕視對方提出的未加修飾和夸大的但卻很重要的理由。)
反觀辯論，為尋求解決辦法的辯論雙方都會本著實事求是的原則，客觀的考慮對方的觀點，并且在自己的原來總的觀點上作出微小的修正：以使自己的方案更能符合事實。
楊立民教授：
作為一個教育工作者，我覺得這些辯論賽傳達給我們的年輕學(xué)生三個重要的訊息。
第一，外語能力(包括口語能力)是值得為之奮斗終身的一種才能。
人們常說外語是交際的工具，是就業(yè)的保障，是打開個人幸福之門的金鑰匙，是價值幾十億的大產(chǎn)業(yè)。實際上，外語的重要性不能完全從功利主義的角度去理解。我們還要看到它對我們現(xiàn)代化的成敗，文化的再造，民族的復(fù)興的作用。
我 們都知道金錢是一種力量，科學(xué)家告訴我們知識也是一種力量，作為一個外語教師，我要說，語言也是一種力量，口才也是一種力量。歷史上叱咤風(fēng)云的偉人，大多 同時也是語言大師。試想一個人，不仗權(quán)勢，不動刀槍，不靠錢財，僅憑三寸不爛之舌，用我們熟悉的詞加以不同排列組合，結(jié)果就能如此影響人，感動人，激勵 人，說服人，團結(jié)人，組織人，改造人;就能如此一呼百應(yīng)，讓人舍生忘死，沖鋒陷陣，是多了不起的力量!當(dāng)年馬克思一句“全世界無產(chǎn)者聯(lián)合起來”，曾經(jīng)激勵 多少革命者為之獻身。美國革命時期又有多少戰(zhàn)士默默念著帕特里克?亨利的那句名言“不自由，毋寧死!”走上戰(zhàn)場。講到歷史上的雄辯家，我們會想起林肯著名 的葛底斯堡演說，短短272字，卻字字閃耀著光輝，成為不朽的經(jīng)典。中國古代歷史上曾經(jīng)有個叫鬼谷子的，他的兩個學(xué)生蘇秦和張儀，一個周游列國，說服他們 聯(lián)合抗秦，結(jié)果掛了六國相印;另一個卻說服秦國將六國各個擊破，結(jié)果統(tǒng)一了中國。說到培養(yǎng)一流雄辯家的杰出專家，這位老先生應(yīng)該算是祖師爺。我們現(xiàn)在的各 類辯論賽，應(yīng)該說重新喚起了我們對辯才的重視，讓我們記起它是多么難得的藝術(shù)，多么有力的武器，多么巨大的力量。
辯論賽的第二個啟示是：我們的學(xué)生應(yīng)該有一種關(guān)切社會的精神，用一位名人的話說，就是要有一種指點江山的精神。
人 生來就有生存、溫飽、發(fā)展的要求，在這一點上，人和動物沒有差別。人之所以成為人，正是因為人還有列在馬斯洛需求金字塔上層的要求。人類文明進步的過程說 到底也就是人類從只關(guān)心自己，到逐步關(guān)心家庭、部落、氏族、國家、社會、全世界、全人類的過程。這些年來，社會上出現(xiàn)了一種拜金主義和只顧個人眼前物質(zhì)利 益，對社會各種問題，人類面臨的各種挑戰(zhàn)冷漠無知的危險傾向。感謝這些辯論賽，讓成千上萬的年輕學(xué)生深入思考各種重大問題，讓他們?nèi)パ芯咳蚧睦祝D(zhuǎn) 基因食品的得失，取消死刑的是非，安樂死的考慮等等。實際上圍繞辯論賽準(zhǔn)備的題材遠遠超過了以上的范圍，而且可以肯定，隨著改革開放的進一步深入，國內(nèi)政 治空氣日益寬松，人們會享有越來越多的言論自由，辯論必將越來越體現(xiàn)“真理面前無禁區(qū)”的原則，涉及越來越多的重大的敏感話題。這對于培養(yǎng)新世紀(jì)人才，培 養(yǎng)能夠應(yīng)對種種復(fù)雜的新問題，新挑戰(zhàn)的年輕一代具有難以估量的意義。
3 辯論賽的第三個啟示是：我們的學(xué)生必須有一種獨立思辯的能力。
他 們看問題不能簡單化;不能人云亦云，隨大流，瞎起哄;不能只知其一，不知其二;不能先入為主，靠喜好，憑感覺，無根無據(jù)，胡言亂語;不能不尊重對方觀點， 肆意歪曲，斷章取義，攻其一點，不及其余。辯論賽的好處就在于讓我們養(yǎng)成一個習(xí)慣，一種凡事都要問為什么的習(xí)慣;讓我們學(xué)會一種本領(lǐng)，一種通過分析，思辯 找到真理的本領(lǐng)。我們的學(xué)校不能生產(chǎn)只具有一定謀生本領(lǐng)的學(xué)生，不能出品只裝有一些固定軟件的機器人，我們要為社會提供的應(yīng)該是具有強烈求知欲望，能夠進 行創(chuàng)造性思維的不同的個體。
ntroduction About Debate
4.MATTER 素材
1. ‘Matter’ relates to the issues in debate, the case being presented and the material used to substantiate argumentation.
2. The issues under debate should be correctly prioritized (by teams) and ordered (by individuals), dealing with the most important/pertinent first.
3. Matter should be logical and well reasoned.
4. Matter should be relevant, both to the issue in contention and the cases being advanced.
5. Matter should be persuasive.
No ‘new matter’ is to be introduced during Reply Speeches. The Reply Speech presents teams with an opportunity to focus on the major issue(s) in the debate and the way in which both teams approach that ‘point of Clash’. The Reply Speech should also give an ‘optimistic overview’ of the general approach to the debate by both sides and focus on the relative merits of the case by the side Replying, and the relative weaknesses in the case of the opposing team.
All speakers should develop ‘positive matter’ in advancing their respective cases. While an Opposition team may win by demonstrating that the Government has not proved the motion true, they should not rely purely on their rebuttal of the Government case and will likely benefit from presenting positive matter in opposition to the motion.
5.MANNER 辯論風(fēng)格
a) Vocal Style: Volume, clarity, pronunciation, pace, intonation, fluency, confidence, and authority.
b) Language: Conversational.
c) Use of notes: Should not distract, should not be read.
d) Eye Contact: With audience.
e) Gesture: Natural, appropriate.
f) Sincerity: Believability.
g) Personal Attacks: (derogatory comments are not to be tolerated).
h) Humor: Effectiveness, appropriateness.
6.METHOD 辯論方法
The major influence on an adjudicator must be: ‘Is the speaker’s and team’s Method EFFECTIVE in advancing the case?’
a) Organization: The structuring of individual arguments and ordering of collective arguments in the speeches .
b) Issue Selection: The identification of relevant points of clash in the round.
c) Perspective: The ability to explain the relevance of individual arguments to the motion being argued.
d) Refutation: The willingness and ability to engage and critique the points offered by the opposing team.
e) Teamwork: The degree to which the members of a team work together to collectively advance a strategy.
How to Choose Motions?
Prioritization of 3 Motions Given Based on:
a) Knowledge Resource of Team members
How much do we know of this issue?
b) Debating Positions of Your Team
What advantage will we have with this motion as Government/Opposition team?
c) Knowledge of Opposing Team’s status
What are the strengths/weaknesses of our Opponents in this debate?
Case Construction involves:
Defining the Motion & Creating Arguments that support it:
Defining the Motion means
a) Clearly stating meanings of “key terms”
E.g. “This House believes that professional athletes are good role models for Chinese youth.”
b) Establish Team Line (Base Line) & Split:
Motion
(THBT the world is a global village)
Team Line/Base Line/Stance
Because of the existence of interdependence and common interest
Spilt/Case Division
This is true in the a) social arena, b) geopolitical realm and c) economic sphere
c) Creating Arguments that support it
Prioritize the Arguments with the strongest presented first to prove global interdependence and growing common interest:
Argument 1 (1stSpeaker)
Social Arena --evidence, case studies, statistics, trend analysis, etc
Argument 2 (1stSpeaker)
Geopolitics --ditto
Argument 3 (2ndSpeaker)
Global Economics --ditto
3rd Speakers must not carry new arguments
Setting Opposition Case
Proposing “Status Quo”
“Why change when things are fine now …”
Offering a “Counter Proposal”
“Our plan works better than yours ….’
Provide “Positive Objections”
“Yours does not work and will be harmful to…”
** Oppn needs to have team line, split, prioritized arguments in 1stand 2ndSpeakers too!
Refutation Strategies
What are Rebuttals?
Arguments raised in response to Oppn’s arguments. Comprises analysis of why Oppn is wrong, is consistent with own case, as well support/reinforce own team line
How to do it?
State what argument is rebutted, explain flaw(s) in argument, support it with evidence. examples, case studies, and finally linking it relevantly to your side of the topic.
Rebutting Parts of Arguments
1. Factual Error: Your argument is factually wrong
“Your statistics/example/case studies are wrong because ….”
2. Your argument is not supported by any evidence
“You merely asserted that ... without providing any relevant examples…”
3.The consequences of your argument are not acceptable (morally, socially, etc)
“How could you ban smoking in pubs when it violates the right of the smoker and his friends to socialize together …”
4.Not Important: Your argument is correct but has little weight in this debate
“Your policy helps on the minority, the smokers, but what about the majority of the non-smokers who have to inhale second-hand smoke in pubs …”
5.Your argument is illogical –the conclusions do not follow from the premises
“You claim that banning cigarette advertisements on TV will cause more young people to smoke as it makes smoking more mysterious and enticing, like a forbidden fruit, but I submit to you that the opposite is more likely to be true: banning a steady stream of advertisements depicting smoking as glamorous/attractive will REDUCE the number of young people who smoke.”
6. Not Relevant/Irrelevant:
“The fact that smoking causes cancer is not relevant to this debate because the issue at hand is the right of individual citizens to make informed choices concerning their own personal health ….”
7. Contradiction in Opponents’ Arguments
Point out that the speakers/team are not clear about their own case. To be able to catch the opponents contradicting themselves requires good tracking skills, that is, skills in good note-taking and Active Listening.
8. Failure to perform roles/responsibilities declared
PM: “ To totally destroy the Opposition and win today’s debate, the Government will do the following 3 things:
show that women are stronger than men
show that women are smarter than men
show that women are wiser leaders than men
to prove that women are true heroes of the New Millennium.”
To damage the opponents, point out their failure to cover the areas they promised to go over in the PM’s speech.
Rebutting the Case as a Whole
To break down the case of the opponents, it is not enough to rebut each/all/random arguments put forth by them.
Winning a debate will require you to systematically break down a team’s case.
Here are the questions/points to consider
1 What is their approach to the case? Is it flawed? Why?
2 What tasks did they set themselves? Did they address them? What problems are there in the way they address them?
3 What is the general emphasis of the case? What assumptions are made? Can they be refuted?
4 What are the key arguments of the other side? How can they be shown to be flawed?
5.Focus on identifying the key issues/arguments which are used to support the case of the opponents and then systematically breaking them down by showing that they cannot stand up to scrutiny.
**Do not try to shoot down all examples/arguments as there will not be enough time, and is unsystematic.
Point of Information(POI)
POIs are comments made by members directed at the speech of
the member holding the floor; POI should be brief, pertinent and preferably witty. Points of order and points of personal privilege are prohibited.
Offering & Responding to Points of Information (POIs)
A POI can be a Question or a Statement/Clarification/Contradiction and should not take more than 15 seconds
Each Speaker is strongly encourage toAccept at least 2POIs
All team members should try to give POIs without being disruptive
How POIs offered are judged
1.The threat they pose to the strength of the argument of the debater,
2.Value of its wit and humour
How POIs taken are judged
1.Promptness and Confidence in answering
2.Strength of the Response
3.Value of wit and humour
“please answer my question” “my dear friend”
We think this is tremendous waste of your words by always saying “my dear friends”, “please answer my questions” so bluntly.
7.考核要求及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
w辯論技巧：辯手語言是否流暢，說理、分析是否透徹，反駁和應(yīng)變能力是否強，說服力和邏輯性是否強。
w內(nèi)容：論點和論據(jù)內(nèi)容是否正確、充實，引用資料和實例是否恰當(dāng)。
w風(fēng)度和幽默感：辯手的表情、動作是否恰當(dāng)，是否有風(fēng)度及幽默感。
w自由辯論：各隊在自由辯論中的識辯能力、說明能力和邏輯性是否強，接句是否合適，回答是否中肯，反驅(qū)是否有力、有理，反應(yīng)是否機敏，用語是否得體。
w整體合作：全隊各辯手的論點是否一致，結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整，隊員之間的配合、合作是否默契。
w個人表現(xiàn)：全隊每個辯手的參與度如何，全隊辯手的整體實力是否強。
Topic：World Governments Should Conduct Serious Campaigns Against Smoking
The argument : key words
1. Definite link: smoking and bronchial troubles, heart disease, lung cancer.
2. Governments hear, see, smell, no evil.
3. A few governments: timid measures.
4. E.g. Britain: TV advertising banned; nation’s conscience appeased; cancerous death.
5. Official reactions to medical findings: lukewarm.
6. Tobacco: source of revenue. E. g. Britain: tobacco tax pays for educations.
7. A short- sighted policy.
8. Enormous sums spent fighting the disease; lives lost.
9. Smoking should be banned altogether.
10. We are not ready for such drastic action.
11. But governments, if really concerned, should conduct aggressive anti-smoking campaigns.
12. The tobacco industry spends vast sums on advertising.
13. Advertising: insidious, dishonest.
14. Never shown pictures of real smokers coughing up lungs, only virile young men.
15. Smoking associated with great open-air life, beautiful girls, togetherness, Nonsense!
16. All advertising should be banned; anti-smoking campaign conducted.
17. Smoking should be banned in public places.
18. Young people should be warned, dire consequences.
19. Warning, death’s head, included in every packet.
20. Governments should protect us from ourselves.
The counter-argument key words
1. There are still scientists who doubt smoking / cancer link.
2. People who don’t smoke should keep quiet.
3. Smoking brings many psychological benefits:
4. Relieves stresses of everyday life: provides constant consolation.
5. E. g. we smoke when taking exams, worried, bereaved, etc.
6. Associated with good living; social contacts made easier.
7. Smoking is very enjoyable: relaxing, e.g. with a cup of coffee; after a meal, etc.
8. It’s absurd to suggest we ban it after so many hundreds of years.
9. Enormous interests involved: governments, tobacco growers, tobacco industries, retail businesses.
10. Tax apart, important source of income to many countries: e.g. USA, Rhodesia, Greece, Turkey.
11. People should be free to decide, not bullied by governments; banning is undemocratic.
12. The tobacco industry spends vast sums on medical research.
13. Improved filters have resulted; e.g. Columbia University.
14. Now possible to smoke and enjoy it without danger.
8. 語言反應(yīng)訓(xùn)練
9.英語繞口令訓(xùn)練
1. A big black bug bit a big black bear, made the big black bear bleed blood.
2. A flea and a fly flew up in a flue. Said the flea, "Let us fly!" Said the fly, "Let us flee!" So they flew through a flaw in the flue.
3. A tidy tiger tied a tie tighter to tidy her tiny tail.
4. A writer named Wright was instructing his little son how to write Wright right. He said: "It is not right to write Wright as 'rite'---try to write Wright aright!"
5. Betty Botter had some butter, "But," she said, "this butter's bitter. If I bake this bitter butter, it would make my batter bitter. But a bit of better butter -- that would make my batter better."
6. Bill's big brother is building a beautiful building between two big brick blocks.
7. He thrusts his fists against the posts and still insists he sees the ghosts.
8. How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? He would chuck, he would, as much as he could, and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could chuck wood.
9. I thought a thought. But the thought I thought wasn't the thought I thought I thought.
10. If you notice this notice you will notice that this notice is not worth noticing.
11. If a shipshape ship shop stocks six shipshape shop-soiled ships, how many shipshape shop-soiled ships would six shipshape ship shops stock?
12. Sarah sitting in her sitting room, all she does is sits and shifts, all she does is sits and shifts.
13. She sells seashells by the sea shore. The shells she sells are surely seashells. So if she sells shells on the seashore, I'm sure she sells seashore shells.
14. Three gray geese in the green grass grazing. Gray were the geese and green was the grass.
15. While we were walking, we were watching window washers wash Washington's windows with warm washing water.
16. A Finnish fisher named Fisher failed to fish any fish one Friday afternoon and finally he found out a big fissure裂縫in his fishing-net.
17. Where is the watch I put in my pocket to take to the shop because it had stopped?
18. Mr. Cook said to a cook: "Look at this cook-book. It's very good." So the cook took the advice of Mr. Cook and bought the book.
19. How much dew would a dewdrop drop if a dewdrop could drop dew?
20. Sandy sniffed sweet smelling sunflower seeds while sitting beside a swift stream.
10.英語單詞描述訓(xùn)練
目的：鍛煉學(xué)生的語言表達能力、接受能力和理解能力
television;fridge;policeman;umbrella;doctor;housewife;taxi;subway;red;black;blue;cup;flower;……
9.故事接龍
目的：鍛煉學(xué)生用英語思維、組織語言、表達思想的能力
One day, I saw a girl on a bus...
The animals in the forest are holding a meeting...
I saw a woman in a car accident...
用所給詞匯講故事
目的：鍛煉學(xué)生的反應(yīng)能力、邏輯能力、和語言表達能力
flower, butterfly, cry
frog, cloud, horse
boy, death, laugh
TV, president, writer
11.個人對抗辯論賽辯題
1. If I were the Dean of Foreign Languages Department…
2. Planes, Cars, bicycles, or on foot, which do you prefer?
3. If I were a reporter, I’d like to cover entertainment news, international news, domestic news, or documentaries.
4. If I were a writer, I would focus on … in my novels in this Wenchuan Earthquake.
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