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即興演講技巧英語

時(shí)間:2023-03-07 23:05:16 演講技巧 我要投稿
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即興演講技巧英語

  在英語演講時(shí)我們一般著重與聽眾闡明我們的觀點(diǎn)。而往往就忽略了其實(shí)還需要提出常識考慮下的一些不同觀點(diǎn)(address some of the opposing views that would also seem logical),逐一進(jìn)行解析和反駁(analyze and refute them one-by-one),以加深聽眾對我們見解的認(rèn)同和印象。今天我們就一起來看一下在提出異議,以驗(yàn)證自己的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)可能經(jīng)常需要用到哪些英語短語表達(dá)。

即興演講技巧英語

  1。我們演講當(dāng)中需要與聽眾敘述某種主要現(xiàn)象的,那么可以考慮提出一些其他次要現(xiàn)象,并說明為何它們會排在次要位置,以此來突出、強(qiáng)調(diào)咱們主要內(nèi)容的作用:

  -You may have noticed that there are other factors that may have contributed to this trend... 你們可能還看出來了,這種情況趨勢其實(shí)可能還要有其他作用因素在起作用。。。 -As many of you have already probably guessed, there are other ways to look at this problem... 你們在座的,許多人可能都猜想到了,考慮這個(gè)問題其實(shí)還有其他可能的觀點(diǎn)。。。

  -I can't deny that there are also at least three other things to consider besides the main point I've just outlined...

  -Other related factors to ponder would include...

  其他相關(guān)的一些需要考慮的因素還包括。。。,

  2。演講內(nèi)容是有關(guān)某“concept or (想法或是理念)的,那么我們可以選擇把相對應(yīng)的一些正反雙面因素提出來,并列在一起談,而后再指出我們的見解。比如在談到婚戀概念時(shí)(concepts about marriage and love),我們希望強(qiáng)調(diào)婚前同居的利害對比(comparison and contrast between the pros and cons about cohabitation),可以將兩方相關(guān)因素作個(gè)直接比較: -Many of you may think that cohabitation is good because it'll allow you to practice marriage before you sign the papers, but I'm here to tell you...

  你們許多人可能覺得同居有好處是因?yàn)檫@可以讓你在領(lǐng)結(jié)婚證之前先演練一下婚姻生活,但我今天要告訴你們的是。。。

  -You may think that this is less than beneficial, but it could very well be the opposite... 你們可能覺得這事并不十分有利,但我將與你指出,事實(shí)可能恰恰相反。。。

  -When you look at...you think...and I'm here to point out to you that you can succeed better by... 當(dāng)你想到有關(guān)。。。你會覺得。。。然后我今天就是要與你指出,其實(shí)你可以更好的拿下成功。。。

  -Pros, on one hand you have...cons, on the other hand, you're worried that...

  有利方面,一方面你有。。。有害方面,另一方面你又有所顧慮。。。

  演講比賽優(yōu)勝選手是如何學(xué)習(xí)英語(HOT重要)

  自從1996年第一屆“21世紀(jì)杯”英語演講比賽舉辦以來,南京大學(xué)英文專業(yè)的學(xué)生幾乎每一屆都參加,他們還參加了“外研社杯”英語辯論比賽、“CCTV杯”英語演講比賽和其它一些全省或全國性的英語比賽,并在這些比賽中取得過一些較好的成績。這些選手在參賽前兩三個(gè)月開始,經(jīng)過班、年級、系的層層選拔,經(jīng)過反復(fù)練習(xí)和老師的點(diǎn)評輔導(dǎo),這一過程與其它學(xué)校沒有什么不同的地方。同時(shí),比賽成績受各種因素影響,無論是對英語語言的掌握,還是演講稿的準(zhǔn)備,南京大學(xué)的學(xué)生都沒有什么特別的優(yōu)勢,作為輔導(dǎo)老師,我們也談不上有什么經(jīng)驗(yàn)和體會。然而,在與這些學(xué)生的接觸中,特別引起我們注意的是他們學(xué)習(xí)英語的方式和對待英語學(xué)習(xí)的態(tài)度,了解和研究他們的這些學(xué)習(xí)方式和學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度,不僅可以幫助我們挑選出有潛力的學(xué)生去參加比賽,而且可以幫助我們提高和改進(jìn)英語教學(xué),推廣正確的學(xué)習(xí)策略和學(xué)習(xí)方法,使其他學(xué)生的英語學(xué)習(xí)更加有效。

  “成功學(xué)習(xí)者研究”(good learner studies),即研究第二語言學(xué)習(xí)成功者的學(xué)習(xí)方式,一直是西方二語習(xí)得研究的一個(gè)重要課題,在我國也一直有人從事這樣的研究,該研究的出發(fā)點(diǎn)直截了當(dāng):一旦找到成功者的好方法,好策略,推而廣之,就可以從整體上提高外語教學(xué)的水平。“21世紀(jì)杯”者了,但是對這類“最成功者” 我校有位2004”杯”英語演講比賽中分別取得過較好的成績。在撰寫學(xué)士論文的時(shí)候,她用e-mail與留學(xué)生和外籍教師交朋友等,filmoholic(電影迷)。

  這些英語學(xué)習(xí)的“最成功者”意識到通過觀看電影可以學(xué)到地道的英語,對他們來說,觀看電影和電視劇的主要目的已經(jīng)不是欣賞劇情,而是欣賞語言,模仿語言和學(xué)習(xí)語言。他們買VCD、DVD,從網(wǎng)上下載電影,有的同學(xué)說自己收集了一兩百部電影的碟子,并且在選購光碟時(shí)還刻意挑選那些沒有中文字幕的。對自己喜歡的電影,他們可以看上五六遍,七八遍,甚至晚上睡下了還爬起來看,以至于滾瓜爛熟地背誦了整部電影的對話,包括句子的發(fā)音和語調(diào)。他們整句整句的記下來,有的同學(xué)說,自己只要一說英語,那些電影人物的語句可以脫口而出,別人聽起來還覺得是自己的英語自然流利。

  看電影僅僅是學(xué)習(xí)英語的方法之一,我校演講比賽的參賽選手也談到過其它的一些方法。譬如,不少同學(xué)都談到自己原來與其他同學(xué)并沒有兩樣,對英語也沒有多大的興趣,但是在中學(xué)里被老師捉住了背書,有的同學(xué)被規(guī)定要背完《新概念英語》第二冊的每一篇課文,特別是規(guī)定背書時(shí)的語音語調(diào)必須與課本的錄音磁帶一模一樣。很多同學(xué)說這一段經(jīng)歷開始時(shí)“苦不堪言”,但是如果當(dāng)時(shí)老老實(shí)實(shí)地刻苦背了書,模仿了磁帶,一旦“熬過了關(guān)”,英語就容易學(xué)了;當(dāng)時(shí)艱苦的學(xué)習(xí)使自己終身受益。

  這些學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的方法和經(jīng)驗(yàn)對于我們英語教師來說是很有啟發(fā)性的。

  第一,英語學(xué)習(xí)成功者所使用的、他們發(fā)現(xiàn)行之有效的學(xué)習(xí)方法往往被忽視,相反,現(xiàn)行的課堂教學(xué)往往鼓勵(lì)一些對提高語言掌握水平來說少、慢、差、費(fèi)的學(xué)習(xí)方法。

  看電影也好,背課文、聽磁帶也好,英語學(xué)習(xí)成功者關(guān)注語句、語音語調(diào)的模仿,關(guān)注掌握和記憶完整的語塊(即習(xí)語、短語、短句等出現(xiàn)頻率高,形式、意義較為固定的多詞組合),關(guān)注特定語塊的功能及其出現(xiàn)的語境。無論是模仿,還是背誦,都不需要學(xué)習(xí)者特別

  去關(guān)注如何分析一個(gè)語塊的語法結(jié)構(gòu)。例如,英語里L(fēng)ong time no see(好久不見),它的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)如何并不重要,它所包含的各個(gè)單詞的意義也并不重要,重要的是要掌握整個(gè)語塊的意義和使用該語塊的語境,能夠在老朋友久別重逢的時(shí)候使用它。在語言的實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,我們同樣是關(guān)注語塊的功能和語境,不需要關(guān)注語法,我們說話寫文章一般都不需要借助語法來構(gòu)建語句,這就是為什么我們大多數(shù)中國人對漢語的語法僅知其皮毛,為什么英美國家的人對英語語法的了解往往還不如我們英文專業(yè)的學(xué)生了解得多。從事對外漢語教學(xué)的老師都知道,只有留學(xué)生才會注意到漢語口語中的“吃食堂”、“一匹馬騎兩個(gè)人”在語法上不易分析,而對絕大多數(shù)中國人來說,我們從小到大,從來沒有必要對“吃食堂”作語法分析,也就從來不會分析它,但是語法知識上的缺失卻從來也不會影響我們理解和使用這一語塊的能力。演講比賽優(yōu)勝選手在學(xué)習(xí)中大下工夫的正是這種理解和使用語塊的能力,而不是語法分析的能力。

  反復(fù)聽,反復(fù)讀,反復(fù)模仿,這樣的一條“成功之路”已經(jīng)在國外第二語言教學(xué)界受到注意,所謂的shadowing(映像)教學(xué)法要求學(xué)習(xí)外語的學(xué)生對一小段錄音一遍遍地聽、念、用,一直到完全掌握其中的語塊,象是工藝美術(shù)中表現(xiàn)一個(gè)圖案或字塊立體感的陰影區(qū)一樣,與原來的圖案或字塊在形狀上一模一樣。

  與注重語塊學(xué)習(xí)的方法相反,我們?nèi)粘S⒄Z教學(xué)中占據(jù)重要地位的精讀課在課堂內(nèi)強(qiáng)調(diào)的經(jīng)常是句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析和單詞的掌握,摳語法,背單詞,忽視了語塊和搭配,這在無形中誤導(dǎo)了學(xué)生,給了他們“練。

  而注重語法和單詞的學(xué)習(xí)看起來是一條捷徑效率低下的外語學(xué)習(xí)方法。,它的弊病就顯露出來了。首先,運(yùn)用語法和單詞構(gòu)建語句速度太慢,流利度不易提高。其次,自己構(gòu)建的句子不地道,即使不是“中式英語”,英美人聽起來也經(jīng)常覺得怪里怪氣的。譬如,It’s five to eleven和It’s five prior to eleven反了英語口語的韻律,這是造成英語口語和書面語不地道的另一個(gè)原因。最后,注重語法和單詞的教學(xué)養(yǎng)成了學(xué)生不注意模仿、不注意“從聽中學(xué)”或“從讀中學(xué)”的壞習(xí)慣,以至于離開老師、離開學(xué)校,自己就沒法學(xué)習(xí),英語水平多年徘徊,不得進(jìn)步。

  與此相反,注重模仿,注重語塊,這樣的方法在開始階段較為費(fèi)力,但長遠(yuǎn)看來,它的長處正好是能夠克服傳統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)方法的弊端。首先,通過模仿學(xué)到的是完整的語塊,使用時(shí)不必臨時(shí)組裝,因而有利于提高口語流利度。其次,模仿來的語塊是地道的英語,有助于學(xué)習(xí)者克服“中式英語”的影響。再其次,由于注重模仿,學(xué)習(xí)者對英語口語的韻律和節(jié)奏有較好的悟性,有助于他們學(xué)會在口語和寫作中使用地道的英語。最后,長期的模仿和語塊學(xué)習(xí)培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生對語塊的興趣和敏感性,養(yǎng)成 “從聽中學(xué)”和“從讀中學(xué)”的好習(xí)慣,可以自覺地學(xué)習(xí),不需要依賴?yán)蠋焷硖岣咦约旱挠⒄Z水平。英語的習(xí)語、短語、成語等語塊,成千上萬。本科階段四年里上的課充其量也只能學(xué)習(xí)其中很小的一部分,依賴?yán)蠋煹闹v課和課本的解釋,就永遠(yuǎn)只能停留在這很小的一部分上,而依靠自己反復(fù)的觀察、體會、模仿和試用才能不斷積累,不斷進(jìn)步。這一點(diǎn)對于英語有一定基礎(chǔ)、但仍需繼續(xù)提高的學(xué)習(xí)者來說尤為重要。“熟讀唐詩三百首,不會作詩也會吟”,說的是學(xué)寫舊體詩,但學(xué)習(xí)對外語也同樣適用。 第二,從理論方面看,演講比賽的優(yōu)勝選手通過看電影、聽磁帶學(xué)習(xí)英語語塊的經(jīng)驗(yàn)印證了語言兩重性的觀點(diǎn)。

  語言學(xué),特別是語料庫語言學(xué)的迅速發(fā)展告訴人們:在日常生活中,人們大量使用已有的固定語塊,只有遇到障礙時(shí)才會去選擇合適的語法和詞匯構(gòu)建句子,而一旦構(gòu)建完畢又會回到語塊的選用上。即便是可作結(jié)構(gòu)分析的語塊,在實(shí)際使用中通常沒有必要也沒有時(shí)間去作這種分析。這一研究成果改變了大家對語言的看法。傳統(tǒng)的語言觀林林總總,基本上是把語言知識看作一個(gè)以語法為中心,括了語音和語義的獨(dú)立整體。這是一點(diǎn)論的觀點(diǎn)。可是語塊普遍運(yùn)用的現(xiàn)象使越來越多的人們接受了兩點(diǎn)論的觀點(diǎn):語言具有雙重屬性,既有可分析性(analyticity),又有程式性(formulaicity)。一方面,它是一個(gè)以語法為基礎(chǔ)的、可分析的、相對封閉的系統(tǒng),這是傳統(tǒng)的語言觀所已經(jīng)闡述了的。另一方面,它又是一個(gè)以記憶為基礎(chǔ)的、程式化(即語塊化)的、相對開放的系統(tǒng),這是傳統(tǒng)的語言觀所忽視的。“相對封閉”指的是語言由數(shù)量有限的語法規(guī)則組織成了一個(gè)獨(dú)立的系統(tǒng),這是語言學(xué)家經(jīng)常描述的系統(tǒng)。“相對開放”指的是語言服務(wù)于社會交往,從屬于社會交往,組成語言的語塊數(shù)量無限,而每一個(gè)語塊又在社會交往的特定語境中執(zhí)行它的功能,例如,Long time no see(好久不見)的語塊就限定在老朋友久別重逢的語境里使用。

  語言雙重性的觀點(diǎn)反過來幫助人們重新審視第二語言習(xí)得和外語學(xué)習(xí):二語學(xué)習(xí)者不僅應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)真學(xué)會運(yùn)用語法,而且還應(yīng)當(dāng)學(xué)會運(yùn)用操母語者在不同語境中使用的語塊。不少學(xué)者還提出了學(xué)習(xí)語塊比學(xué)習(xí)語法更重要;語言知識在相當(dāng)程度上是語塊的知識,而語法是第二

  第三,“以學(xué)習(xí)者為中心”的課堂也仍實(shí)際上,長期的模仿和背誦使這些學(xué)生在英語的很多方面都超過了他們的老師。他們自己也意識到這一點(diǎn),不再盲從老師,有的還在背后議論老師課堂上使用英語時(shí)出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。這樣的議論其實(shí)是正常的,演講比賽優(yōu)勝選手中不少人在中學(xué)階段英語就達(dá)到了相當(dāng)?shù)乃剑M(jìn)入大學(xué)后在有些方面經(jīng)常感到吃不飽,因而有的在背后發(fā)牢騷,認(rèn)為在學(xué)校浪費(fèi)了很多時(shí)間,有的則混日子,沒有對自己提出更高的要求。這些現(xiàn)象一方面反映了部分高校外語教學(xué)中存在的問題,但另一方面也說明只要學(xué)生有足夠的學(xué)習(xí)動力和興趣,有正確有效的學(xué)習(xí)方法,又有較好的音像設(shè)備,就完全可以有真正的“以學(xué)習(xí)者為中心”的教學(xué),學(xué)生也可以取得相當(dāng)可觀的進(jìn)步,可以超過自己的老師。

  假如這里的討論也可以算作是“成功學(xué)習(xí)者研究”的話,那么這樣的“成功學(xué)習(xí)者研究”對于我國廣大的英語教師來說無疑是重要的福音。同我國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展一樣,英語教學(xué)的發(fā)展也是極不平衡的,很多地區(qū)很多學(xué)校都缺乏英語教師,特別是缺乏高水平的英語教師,聘請外籍教師所能夠起的作用也同樣是有限的。演講比賽優(yōu)勝選手自覺學(xué)習(xí)、超過老師的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我們:即使在這樣的地區(qū)和學(xué)校,英語教學(xué)仍舊是可以搞好的。實(shí)際上,在最近幾年全國性的英語演講和辯論比賽中,來自西部高校,甚至來自這些高校非英語專業(yè)的選手也取得了可喜的成績。南京大學(xué)的學(xué)生的確取得過一些好的名次,但是現(xiàn)在卻面臨著越來越大的挑戰(zhàn)。

  第四,演講比賽優(yōu)勝選手在英語的很多方面超過老師的事實(shí)并不說明老師的作用是無關(guān)緊要的,而實(shí)際上是向我們老師提出了更高的要求。作為老師,我們的確應(yīng)該努力提高自己的英語水平,跟上社會發(fā)展的步伐和適應(yīng)學(xué)生對我們的要求,可是英語水平又僅僅是當(dāng)好老師的條件之一。從英語學(xué)習(xí)成功者身上,我們看到,要當(dāng)好老師,更重要是要善于激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語、模仿英語的興趣,不斷增強(qiáng)他們的學(xué)習(xí)動力。

  南京大學(xué)的一些演講比賽優(yōu)勝選手一方面清楚地知道他們的英語超過了他們的很多老師,但另一方面又對中學(xué)時(shí)期那些捉住他們背書、模仿磁帶的啟蒙老師充滿了尊敬,把這些老師看作是他們英語學(xué)習(xí)的引路人。有的同學(xué)還能回憶起當(dāng)年學(xué)習(xí)的情景,回憶起遇到困難時(shí)老師是如何鼓勵(lì)他先從《新概念英語》第二冊里自己感興趣的課文學(xué)起的。兒童學(xué)大人說話、學(xué)地方方言一般不需要花費(fèi)多少力氣,但是對于成年的大學(xué)生來說,模仿英語語句和語調(diào)至少在開始階段往往會遇到很大的困難,而在這種情況下老師的鼓勵(lì)和幫助是必不可少的。例如,在影視課上,老師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注和模仿語句,注意其使用的語境。在聽力和口語課上,老師可以根據(jù)學(xué)生的程度選擇合適的材料,可以把學(xué)生感到困難的長句分解成較易掌握的短小的語塊,也可以指出學(xué)生模仿時(shí)應(yīng)該注意的問題。與此同時(shí),老師可以鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生把聽到的和讀到的語句用到自己的口語和寫作中去,學(xué)以致用,讓學(xué)生從中受益,就可以增強(qiáng)他們的興趣,提高他們學(xué)習(xí)英語的積極性和主動性。

  英語演講比賽即興演講比賽環(huán)節(jié)模板

  美國公共演講專家理查德為我們歸納了一個(gè)即興演講的“精選結(jié)構(gòu)模式”,比較實(shí)用。他勸演講者以這樣四句話作為提示信號:

  喂,請注意!(一開頭就以“聳人聽聞”的懸念激起聽眾的注意)

  為什么要費(fèi)口舌?(以警醒的議論“勾”住聽眾的感知興趣)

  舉出典型的例子。(形象化地將自己的觀點(diǎn)印入聽眾的腦海)

  怎么辦?(說明應(yīng)該怎么做,滿足聽眾的詮釋期待)

  The impromptu speech is unexpected and thus delivered without preparation. Some impromptu speeches are special occasion or courtesy speeches such as welcomes, Introductions and acknowledgments。.As this style of speech usually takes you by surprise, it is important to think clearly, analyze the situation quickly and speak briefly and to the point. As you talk, use the Clearly indicate the reason for the speech

  Say why it is important to the organization or audience廢話)

  Conclude with some of the characteristics of receiving the recognition.

  P stands for main point (第一步先明確觀點(diǎn),你同意還是不同意,支持是否;典型句型有:I don't agree with the topic (重復(fù)題目)比如2006年清華大學(xué)曹峰的即興演講就是這樣開始的)

  R stands for the reason (推理自己觀點(diǎn)的正確性,環(huán)環(huán)相扣)

  E stands for the example (舉例,舉例是要求具體實(shí)例,不能假如問句,即使有問句,也是修辭的需要;你的例子必須通俗易懂,里面不能有生詞,如果有,要解釋這個(gè)生詞,然后再繼續(xù)你的例子)

  P stands for restating the main point (首尾呼應(yīng),重新闡述自己的觀點(diǎn))

  A speaker following this formula would start with the main point and then state the reason for

  State the reason clearly. Follow with an example to illustrate the main point, to draw the picture and involve the audience.

  experience common to the group.

  (你在論證環(huán)節(jié)中的例子必須讓觀眾聽懂,不能有生詞;如果有引用頁要采取下列模板: Benjamin Franklin人名+ American inventor and politician人的背景+once said)

  Alternatively, you may use statistics or a relevant quotation. Conclude by restating the main point in different words.

  formula, both speaker and audience reach the main point quickly.

  21世紀(jì)杯英語演講比賽即興演講遵循的原則 Host: Last February, Chun Shu, a Chinese writer in her early twenties, appeared on the cover of Time magazine. She was referred to by the U.S. Editor as "... one of a group of post-eighties writers in China." Which also includes Guo Jingming, Zhang Yueran and Han Ham All these writers recount their personal feelings and express their individuality in their works, and they have a large group of readers and supporters. However, there is some concern that the cynical attitude towards life that they express might have a negative effect on young readers. Do you also fear it will have such negative effects? Thanks.

  Thank you for your question.Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen.

  My topic of today's speech is "Make our Voice Heard." Today I would like to argue in two park. First, I would like to argue why people are afraid that literatures will set a negative effect on our lives. And second part I will share some of my thoughts with you. 開宗明義。演講人首先明確的告知聽眾演講的主題,使用brief introduction sentence to get attention。在臨場的匆忙之中仍然想出來一個(gè)很好的題目Make Our Voice Heard,并且將自己的論述分為兩部分,有條不紊,令人感嘆。

  Why those people are afraid of these kind of literature? that they are afraid of that teenagers are liked to imitate others. And teenager is point for us to shape our my family, and even the

  文中cover the main pointsI'm afraid of that…,that… 材料,很有說服力。

  But I would like to share of thoughts with you. Before I read the book of Mr. Guo violence, murder, and rebellion. But that book was regarded as one of the masterpiece in American history and awarded the Pulitzer Prize. I could not see any difference between Mr. Guo Jingming's novel and The Cateber in the Rye, because they expressed the attitude as our teenagers and adolescents we feel about the world.

  Now let me give you my three reasons, why we can read this kind of a book and f am not afraid of tile fears of the side effect. First, those literatures are not all bad. They have some positive points. They advocate friendship, love, loyalty, and so on. One of my roommates even cried after reading those books, He said that it is the first.., it was the first time in his life that he felt that a friendship was that precious, because the stories depicted in his novel, reflect him of the old times he spent in his high school. And he bought four books of Mr. Guo Jingming's Never Flowers in Never Dream (Meng Li Hua Luo Zhi Duo Shao) and sent them to his friends. And his friends wrote a long letter to him. I think this is what we lack today, the communication between friends. But the literature seems to bridge the gap.

  本段從三個(gè)方面指出此類作品不會產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響的原因。首先指出第一個(gè)作品本身亦有其可取之處。并以其宦友的親身經(jīng)歷為例作出了令人信服的論證。這樣就使演講personalized,

  so that audience can relate more easily to personal topics—they probably have similar experiences.

  And the second reason is that we are not living in a world where everything is depicted as good. We are living in a world of good and evil, evil and holy. So, to that extent, if I am confined in a world where everything is depicted as good, I will feel quite perplexed when I am facing the real world. Does the real world really resemble what I read in the novel? We need something positive, also we need something cynical.

  And the third reason is that our generation, I believe, have the sense of self-discipline. We can make our own decision. For our parents, for our families and for the government, they should resume, assume the responsibility to remind us that what is good, what is bad, what is cynical Make our voice be heard. This is my answer and I am not afraid of tile side effects of those literature.

  Thank you very much. 本段談?wù)撗葜v人的第二個(gè)觀點(diǎn):世界亦非完美無暇,文學(xué)就應(yīng)該反應(yīng)真實(shí)的世界。

  最后一點(diǎn)原因:當(dāng)代年輕人可以自律。至此就分別從文學(xué)作品、社會、個(gè)人三個(gè)方面透徹地闡釋了演講人的觀點(diǎn)。也正是通過從不同角度的分析,使聽眾接受演講人的觀點(diǎn)。這一段中也出現(xiàn)了較為明顯的問題。

  Host: And, the topic for your speech will be... In spite of the fact that there is cutthroat competition within the film industry in China, there continues to be a steep increase in the number of applicants for places at Chinese art institutes. According to a Beiiing-based newspaper, more than ten thousand applicants waited in line on a single day to register to apply for the Beijing Film Academy. How do you perceive this struggle for stardom?

  Thank you for the difficult question.

  But in the city where I come as cutthroat as the one in Beijing here

  開場白中difficult的使用充分顯示了演講人的機(jī)智。因?yàn)檫@與普通的接題方式Thank you for the question劣勢,但她卻巧妙的地使用but轉(zhuǎn)而談到香港的情況;also的使用使演講的主題不變。同時(shí)聽眾理解到演講者要從另外一個(gè)角度解釋同一個(gè)問題。這種角度的變換使演講者的劣勢變成了優(yōu)勢。聽眾既為其率真而打動,又為其智慧而折服。And there's this little five year old boy, and he has won five consecutive championships, and then, of course, there were interviews and the news coverage, and everything. And when the general public read the newspaper. They frown at it. They said, "what a silly idea, to think about becoming a star." And when Andy Lau -- I'm sure all of you blow him, tile famous singer and actor -- when he read the newspaper, he said, "Wow, that's great! But ask the boy to work hard. It's not easy."

  這里演講人以演唱比賽為切人點(diǎn),以小男孩的參舞,點(diǎn)出了香港人對當(dāng)明星十分熱衷。以此呼應(yīng)主持人提問。并且演講人Support points with specifics.以典型的例子支持論點(diǎn)。明星劉德華在內(nèi) 地有很高的知名度,他的勤奮也是眾所周知,以他的話為例,讓人十分信服。本段對general public和Andy Lau不同態(tài)度的對 比,可以引起聽眾的思考。對比之中必有抑揚(yáng),也讓聽眾對下段演講人過渡到自己的觀點(diǎn)有了思 想上的準(zhǔn)備

  Ladies and gentlemen, I think if we use the word "struggle", isn't it a bit too negative? I think better word for it is "strive." Being a star is also profession. It is also a job that you need to work hard at. Success does not come easy. Well, if we take a look at famous actors and actresses such as lackie Chart, Chow Yun Fat, Andy Lau, Tony Lun, they are all in their mid-forties, and even fifties. Yet, what do they have in common? When they first became..., when they first started their careers as a star, or as an actor, they were described as "Cinema Poison," meaning nobody would see their films. But did they give up? No, they didn't, they didn't give up. They have been working hard all the way. And now they are famous. All over the world. All over Asia. And are they proud of themselves? Well, I suppose so. But still they work very hard. Look at Andy Lau. He's still striving for the best all the time. Every year are awards. 本段中演講人明確地提出了自己的觀點(diǎn)。并且在臨場仍然明確地區(qū)分struggle和strive,顯示出演講人深厚的語言功底。演講人接著由例子過渡到談話主題:當(dāng)明星是一種職業(yè),巧妙地把struggle的主題過渡到strive,進(jìn)而談到Being a star is also a profession.把不熟悉的主題struggle過渡到談明星的成功這個(gè)比較熟悉的話題。這種演講技巧十分重要,因?yàn)樵诙虝旱膸资腌妰?nèi)談?wù)撘粋(gè)十分陌生的話題,實(shí)在有難度,但是這位演講者的巧妙過渡,既沒有跑題,又談了熟悉的話題,因此這種技巧值得學(xué)習(xí)。同時(shí),本段列舉眾多內(nèi)地觀眾十分熟悉地明星成名經(jīng)歷作為brief examples,做論據(jù),支持自己的觀點(diǎn),使論據(jù)可靠而有力。這兩句話Al lover the world.All over Asia

  possess if you want to be a star. Of Course be like Andy Lau, like Chow Yun Fat. They're all very hard-working.

  industry. This genuine interest is very a lot of people are interested in the the money, well, then, I do can be a star. There are people who have a genuine been acting in secondary schools, in college like that. They have a genuine interest. Yet, then go for it.

  本段討論了成為明星的第三個(gè)素質(zhì):感興趣[genuine Interest],并且列舉了生活中的一些實(shí)例[people only interested in money rather than film industry)來論證自己的觀點(diǎn)。這樣在立論的同時(shí)也駁斥了為金錢而當(dāng)明星的錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。有立有廢,論證嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)

  Ladies and gentlemen, well, I think the competition is also good. When there's a competition, we can ensure the quality. When there's no competition, well, we have to have whatever is given to us. When there's competition, we can pick what we want. Isn't that something good?

  Ladies and gentlemen, it is what I think for that struggle for stardom.

  Thank you very much.

  結(jié)論部分是one—sentence review of the points she presented in her talk.由“為當(dāng)明星而打拼”引申到一般意義上的競爭,既緊扣主題,又加以升華。以一個(gè)反問句Isn't it something good?結(jié)尾,進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了演講人的觀點(diǎn)。這樣的結(jié)尾達(dá)到了short and to the point的效果。通過Ladies and gentlemen提示聽眾演講接近尾聲,重提主持人的問題,以告知聽眾她一直圍繞這個(gè)主題展開演講,給聽眾一個(gè)完整的結(jié)尾。

  本篇是獲得第10屆“21世紀(jì)·外教社杯”全國英語演講比賽季軍的香港選手張阿旭的即興演講。演講充分顯示了演講人的機(jī)敏、臨場應(yīng)變能力和扎實(shí)的語言功底。通篇邏輯十分的清晰,而且演講人娓娓道來,絲毫沒有演講的做作,卻又極富感染力。在即興演講這一部分,本篇演講人明顯高人一籌。據(jù)演講者本人介紹,這與她所在的學(xué)校要求學(xué)生做很多即興的presentationn

  即興演講(impromptu speech),顧名思義,就是指臨場的、毫無準(zhǔn)備的演講。在前面所提到的兩大比賽中,即興演講所占時(shí)間為1~3分鐘,分值所占比重為30%~40%,在比賽中的地位十分重要。如果參賽選手想要取得優(yōu)秀的成績,那么就一定要在該部分取得高分。 即興演講對于使用母語演講的人來說都非常困難,更何況是使用非母語演講的選手?這部分非常具有挑戰(zhàn)性,主要考察選手多方面能力:思維能力、邏輯能力和語言能力。思維能力是指選手在毫無準(zhǔn)備的情況下對某一問題的分析能力,對問題理解的深度和寬度等;邏輯能力主要指選手是否有全局觀,是否能合理搭筑整個(gè)演講的框架,所闡述觀點(diǎn)的層次性是否清晰;而語言能力則是指選手即席用英語進(jìn)行交流溝通的能力,可檢驗(yàn)選手的英語語言熟練度和準(zhǔn)確度如何。那么如何應(yīng)對即興演講呢?

  在定題演講部分,我們討論了衡量一篇演講好壞的普遍原則。這些原則對所有類型的演講都適用,即興演講也不例外。在做即興演講時(shí),也要從以下四個(gè)方面著手:內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)、語言以及臺上演講風(fēng)格等。

  內(nèi)容

  Is marking western holidays a sign of a traditions sacrificed to commercial interests

  If you were one representative of what advice would you give the government?

  極強(qiáng)挑戰(zhàn)性的原因之一。 便談?wù)撈鹉骋粋(gè)話題時(shí)言之有物,有的放矢;要求演講者平時(shí)養(yǎng)成思考的習(xí)慣,多聽不同的聲音,從不同角度看問題,看問題有想法、有深度。這些都是賽前的準(zhǔn)備工作,應(yīng)多積累、豐富自己的知識內(nèi)容,強(qiáng)化自己的觀點(diǎn)。

  那么在比賽當(dāng)中,又該怎樣具體應(yīng)對呢?

  正如前面所講的,好的內(nèi)容包括好的主題以及有說服力的材料做支持。在即興演講中,更要注意這兩點(diǎn)。

  1.強(qiáng)有力的材料做支持

  正如前面討論過的那樣,論據(jù)的類型最基本可分為三種:實(shí)例、統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字以及引用別人的言語。對于即興演講來說,現(xiàn)場能夠找到恰當(dāng)?shù)慕y(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字是非常困難的。因此在即興演講時(shí),引用別人的言語和用實(shí)例來證明是最常見的兩種方式。那么應(yīng)該選擇哪種類型的例子來做論據(jù)呢?在比賽現(xiàn)場上進(jìn)行即興演講時(shí),最切實(shí)可行的、最容易做到的就是用自己或自己周圍發(fā)生的例子來說明你的觀點(diǎn),信手拈來,不用絞盡腦汁,演講起來最自如,最自信;這樣做無形之中也強(qiáng)化了自己的可信度,比較容易打動聽眾。如在“21世紀(jì)(愛立信杯”2003年第8屆全國英語演講比賽中獲得第二名的南京大學(xué)學(xué)生王媛在即興演講中是這樣說的,

  "If indeed I had a chance to choose for my life again, I think the time setting I would

  choose is in the late 1970s and the early 1980s. That was when the Chinese government began to adopt the policy of reform and openness. And the place setting I would choose is in some places in the western part of China. Why? Let me share with you my reasons. Well, when I firstly saw this, errr, heard this topic, I think it reminded me of an experience a few years ago. I still clearly remember that, uhh, at that time, some fellow students and I went to visit a primary school in a very poor village and we were working as tutors there. There, all the classrooms were in a very old building and many windows and doors were broken, so, when it was raining, all the children had to move to a corner in order not to get wet. Inside the classroom, five to six children were sharing one desk normally shared by two and many of the desks and chairs were broken, too.

  And immediately after we began to teach them English, it became very clear to us that many of these students were very diligent and were very willing to work hard. But later on, as we talked among ourselves, we got to know that they, many of them, could not finish their schooling just because of poverty. I think that this experience enabled us to see that we belong to a few group of, a group of few people that are fortunately enough to receive a college education."

  這段演講是她真情實(shí)感的流露,表達(dá)起來自如,而且自信,也容易和聽眾進(jìn)行真正的交流。

  (1)演講的支持材料要切題。

  什么主要影響?”但在整個(gè)即興演講結(jié)題的即興演講絕不會得高分。

  (2)演講的支持材料要貼近聽眾。

  演講的支持材料最好是聽眾熟悉的,貼近聽眾,不僅有利于聽眾理解、接受和吸收你的信息,而且容易產(chǎn)生共鳴。筆者作為輔導(dǎo)教師參加過多次的全國英語演講比賽,在比賽中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)很奇怪的現(xiàn)象。有很多學(xué)生舉例子或引用別人的話時(shí),往往愿意用國外的例子或國外名人說的話來支持他們的論點(diǎn)。學(xué)生也許有些許擔(dān)心,“如果用土生土長的例子,外國評委可能會不知道,不了解背景,會影響他們對整個(gè)演講的評判。”然而在一次比賽中,一位來自美國的演講專家在做點(diǎn)評時(shí)說到,“不用擔(dān)心我們會不了解,或聽不懂。問題是作為一個(gè)外國人,我們在這里希望聽到有關(guān)你們國家的人、事、思想、文化,而不是我們國家的名人如林肯、克林頓,他們說了什么,干了什么。”他一語道破了問題的關(guān)鍵,演講者所說的要和你的聽眾拉近距離,講一些本地發(fā)生的事情,發(fā)生的事情對聽眾產(chǎn)生了什么樣的影響,用當(dāng)?shù)氐奈幕⒗砟顏斫忉屇愕挠^點(diǎn),這樣更容易在聽眾中產(chǎn)生共鳴。但并不是說就一定不能用國外的例子或觀點(diǎn)。要全方位地選擇論據(jù),選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)牟牧蠟槟愕挠^點(diǎn)服務(wù)。

  在“21世紀(jì)(澳門之星杯”2006年第11屆全國英語演講比賽中復(fù)旦大學(xué)的胡懿在即興演講(Should laws be fixed or flexible?)中是這樣說的,

  "Well, actually, very accidentally this morning, when we were sort of "imprisoned" in that

  preparing room, actually we had a fierce debate over law. And now I would like to share some of my thoughts with you on whether we should adopt flexible laws or fixed laws.

  Well, first of all, I admit that there are some cases of injustice in our society. For example, last year there was a famous case of Wang Bingyu, which aroused a great controversy in society. Actually Wang Bingyu was a migrant worker, who failed for several times to get his payment from his boss. And obviously that boss treated him very badly. He didnt send him to hospital when he was ill, and he didnt treat him with very good food and also made him make, do extra work without any extra money. And out of a rage, Wang killed several of the, several people in charge, out of a great rage. And that case aroused a great controversy in society. Actually when I read the story, I did show some sympathy for that guy, because I think it was the fault of the boss in the first place. It was him that didnt pay him the payment that he deserved. So I feel sympathetic for him."

  她講述了一個(gè)在我國曾經(jīng)轟動一時(shí)的案例,臺下的聽眾可能聽說過,也可能不知道這個(gè)故事,但這畢竟是發(fā)生在聽眾周圍的,貼近聽眾,這樣聽眾便會很容易理解演講者所要傳達(dá)的信息。

  在一分鐘的即興演講中,你用具體的事例來仔細(xì)闡述觀點(diǎn)的時(shí)間可能非常受限。在這一分鐘之內(nèi),你很可能只給出主要觀點(diǎn)的框架,那么要想真正打動聽眾恐怕要依賴于主題和觀點(diǎn)到底如何。

  2.好的主題與觀點(diǎn)

  一定能經(jīng)得起推敲和琢磨,是全面的。在比賽過程中處理即興演講時(shí),(1)切題

  難勝出。這點(diǎn)在CCTV如在2005年CCTV, “Who should be the focus of investment in sports, the general population or potential Olympic champions?”當(dāng)時(shí)他的回答是不偏不倚的,很顯然二者都應(yīng)該被照顧到,給予資金的扶持。但問題是,在這種情況下,他必須要做出選擇,而不能徘徊于兩者之間。否則,評委和聽眾就會懷疑你的態(tài)度和出發(fā)點(diǎn),演講效果自然也就大打折扣。

  (2) 觀點(diǎn)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性

  觀點(diǎn)不能偏激,一定要嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。這里的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)有以下幾層意思。

  * 觀點(diǎn)本身能夠站得住腳,有充足的材料可以說明論證。

  * 表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的語言本身要嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),準(zhǔn)確,盡量避免絕對化的字眼,如 “never, every, all, nothing, nobody“等,這些絕對化判斷太容易遭到攻擊。

  * 觀點(diǎn)需要限制和修飾。要用發(fā)展性的眼光來處理你的觀點(diǎn)。以上面那個(gè)題目來為例,如果既有大量資金扶持運(yùn)動員又能讓普通群眾受益,那是最好的,但這是一種理想的畫面。現(xiàn)實(shí)往往和理想有一段距離,現(xiàn)階段沒有足夠的資金平衡二者的利益,答案又是什么呢?你可以有自己的看法和答案,但一定要有充足的論據(jù)支持。請注意:剛才我使用了現(xiàn)階段三個(gè)字。這就意味著是用發(fā)展的眼光來看到問題,不僅要看到事物的現(xiàn)階段,也要看到將來發(fā)展的方向——也就是期望得到的理想狀態(tài),即兩類人群都會受益。

  * 承認(rèn)你的觀點(diǎn)有修正和完善的余地。你的觀點(diǎn)可能只是你目前認(rèn)識的一個(gè)方面,或者是現(xiàn)階段你的一種想法,它仍然有完善的余地

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